XBT lines combined with Argo floats are effective in cutting the upper ocean up into regions where the net transport in or out, the interior heat and freshwater storage and the surface fluxes can be monitored, providing a method for understanding the role of ocean dynamics in climate variations. They also are effective for monitoring specific ocean structures that affect climate, such as the upwelling zones of Java, Somalia, the Lakshadweep Dome and the thermocline ridge near 10°S.